Table Of ContentPART I: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: ITS ROUTES AND SCOPE 1 AI: History and Applications PART II: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS REPRESENTATION AND SEARCH 2 The Predicate Calculus 3 Structures and Strategies for State Space Search 4 Heuristic Search 5 Control and Implementation of State Space Search PART III: REPRESENTATION AND INTELLIGENCE: THE AI CHALLENGE 6 Knowledge Representation 7 Strong Method Problem Solving 8 Reasoning in Uncertain Situations PART IV: MACHINE LEARNING 9 Machine Learning: Symbol-Based 10 Machine Learning: Connectionist 11 Machine Learning: Social and Emergent PART V: ADVANCED TOPICS FOR AI PROBLEM SOLVING 12 Automated Reasoning 13 Understanding Natural Language PART VI: LANGUAGES AND PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 14 An Introduction to PROLOG 15 An Introduction to LISP PART VII: EPILOGUE 16 Artificial Intelligence as Empirical Enquiry Bibliography Author Index Subject Index
SynopsisArtificial intelligence (AI) began as the quest to create machines that could think for themselves and (perhaps) out-think humans: the holy grail of computing! Over the years, while still exploring the mechanisms that enable thought, AI has evolved into a more pragmatic discipline. AI uses different strategies to solve the complex practical problems that present themselves wherever computing technology is applied. And intelligence itself is now known to be too complex to be described by any single theory - instead, a constellation of theories characterize the subject from different levels of abstraction. At the lowest levels, neural networks, genetic algorithms and other forms of computation aid understanding of adaptation, perception, embodiment, and interaction with the physical world. On a more abstract level, designers of expert systems, intelligent agents, stochastic models, and natural language understanding programs reflect the role of knowledge and social processes in creating, transmitting and sustaining knowledge. Further, logicians propose deduction, abduction, induction, truth-maintenance, and other models and modes for reasoning. In this fourth edition, George Luger touches on all these levels of structures and strategies for complex problem solving, as well as conveying excitement for the study of intelligence itself. He shows how to use many different software tools and techniques for addressing the complex problems that challenge the modern computer scientist., Much has changed since the early editions of Artificial Intelligence were published. To reflect this the introductory material of this fifth edition has been substantially revised and rewritten to capture the excitement of the latest developments in AI work. Artificial intelligence is a diverse field. To ask the question "what is intelligence?" is to invite as many answers as there are approaches to the subject of artificial intelligence. These could be intelligent agents, logical reasoning, neural networks, expert systems, evolutionary computing and so on. This fifth edition covers all the main strategies used for creating computer systems that will behave in "intelligent" ways. It combines the broadest approach of any text in the marketplace with the practical information necessary to implement the strategies discussed, showing how to do this through Prolog or LISP programming.