Radical Empiricists presents a new history of criticism in the first half of the twentieth-century, against the backdrop of the modernist crisis of meaning. Our received idea of modernist criticism is that it was very empirical: critics looked closely at words on the page. But have we, in the rush either to dismiss or to defend such close reading, often failed to examine its practice? Radical Empiricists turns close reading back on itself, proposing some innovative readings of the prose of five major poet-critics: I.A. Richards, T.S. Eliot, William Empson, R.P. Blackmur, and Marianne Moore. These readings propose various critical counterfactuals: for example, what if paraphrase, that violent heresy critics inflict on poems, wasn't so bad after all? What if we could admire a critic who refused either to argue or to explain? As it uncovers the rich detail of these critical styles, this book also traces the wider histories of ideas about form, meaning, prose, and literary judgment in which they participate.